Polysemy Definition and Examples

Polysemy is the association of one word with two or more distinct meanings, and a polyseme is a word or phrase with multiple meanings. The word polysemy comes from the Greek for many signs. The adjective forms of the word include  polysemous or polysemic. In contrast, a one-to-one match between a word and a meaning is called monosemy. In The Handbook of Linguistics, William Croft notes: Monosemy is probably most clearly found in specialized vocabulary dealing with technical topics. According to some estimates, more than 40 percent of English words have more than one meaning. The fact that so many words (or lexemes) are polysemous shows that semantic changes often add meanings to the language without subtracting any, says M. Lynne Murphy, in Lexical Meaning. Examples and Observations The word good has many meanings. For example, if a man were to shoot his grandmother at a range of five hundred yards, I should call him a good shot, but not necessarily a good man. – G.K. Chesterton, Orthodoxy, 1909 Have You Met Life Today? – Advertising slogan of Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 2001 Now, the kitchen was the room in which we were sitting, the room where Mama did hair and washed clothes, and where each of us bathed in a galvanized tub. But the word has another meaning, and the kitchen Im speaking of now is the very kinky bit of hair at the back of the head, where the neck meets the shirt collar. If there ever was one part of our African past that resisted assimilation, it was the kitchen. – Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Colored People. Alfred A. Knopf, 1994 Polysemy in Language Sports Illustrated can be bought for 1 dollar or 35 million dollars; the first is something you can read and later start a fire with, the second is a particular company that produces the magazine you just read. Such polysemy can give rise to a special ambiguity (He left the bank five minutes ago, He left the bank five years ago). Sometimes dictionaries use history to decide whether a particular entry is a case of one word with two related meanings, or two separate words, but this can be tricky. Even though pupil (eye) and pupil (student) are historically linked, they are intuitively as unrelated as bat (implement) and bat (animal). – Adrian Akmajian, et al., Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. MIT Press, 2001 The simplest form of this verb is when it signifies movement forward: The advance of the army was rapid. The  word can also mean the state of being in a forward position: We were in advance of the rest of the army. More figuratively, the word can be used to signify promotion in rank or position or salary: His advance to stardom was remarkable. It is also possible to advance an argument in the sense of putting forward reasons for supporting a particular view or course of action: I would like to advance the argument that being in debt is a desirable state while interest rates are so low. – David Rothwell, Dictionary of Homonyms. Wordsworth, 2007 Polysemy in Advertising Common polysemic puns involve words like bright, naturally, clearly, where the advertiser will want both meanings. This headline ran above a picture of a sheep: Take it from the manufacturer. Wool. Its worth more. Naturally. (American Wool Council, 1980) Here the pun is a way of attributing wool, not to a manufacturing industry, but to nature – Greg Myers, Words in Ads. Routledge, 1994 As a Graded Phenomenon We adopt as a working hypothesis the view that almost every word is more or less  polysemous, with senses linked to a prototype by a set of relational semantic principles which incorporate a greater or lesser amount of flexibility. We follow the now common practice in polysemy research and regard polysemy as a graded phenomenon...where contrastive polysemy deals with homonyms such as match (a small stick with a tip which ignites when scraped on a rough surface) and match (contest in a game or sport), whereas complementary polysemy deals with interrelated semantic aspects of a word, such as, in the case of record, for example, the physical object and the music. – Brigitte Nerlich and David D. Clarke, Polysemy and Flexibility. Polysemy: Flexible Patterns of Meaning in Mind and Language. Walter de Gruyter, 2003 The Lighter Side of Polysemy Leave it to Americans to think that no means yes, pissed means angry, and curse word means something other than a word thats cursed! – Excalibur employee in It Hits the Fan. South Park, 2001 Lt. Abbie Mills: You sure you want to stay in this old cabin? Its a bit of a fixer-upper. Ichabod Crane: You and I have very different definitions of old. Seems if a building stays upright for more than a decade, people declare it a national landmark. – Nicole Beharie and Tom Mison in John Doe an episode of the television show Sleepy Hollow, 2013

The Great Gatsby And The Roaring Twenties - 1131 Words

â€Å"In a decade that roared with social amends† it was often referred to as the Roaring Twenties. Two famous literature pieces are very similar connecting key events and issues from this time period. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and Ken Allen’s â€Å"Roaring Twenties† both utilize conflict, foil and symbolism to help the readers acknowledge the influence of class and money over the characters during the Roaring Twenties. Conflict is a recurring struggle throughout The Great Gatsby and Ken Allen’s â€Å"Roaring Twenties†. In Fitzgerald’s nonfiction novel, class was one of the main conflicts and reasoning’s behind many of the actions from the characters. A major social issue was class socialization. Class socialization refers to the rich socializing with the rich and the poor socializing with the poor. Classes of people were divided by wealth. In The Great Gatsby, Daisy would not be with Gatsby due to his lack of money. Since Gatsby descended from a poor family, Daisy would not accept him as a lover although she was indeed in love with him. Gatsby’s lack of wealth led to many other conflicts sustaining from his drive to earn money to prove his worth of her affection. Another conflict in The Great Gatsby was the stock market crash. The stock market crash was a major event during the Roaring Twenties. When the market crashed, prices on goods soared due to the low quan tity of products resulting with millions of people becoming poor. In Allen’s poem â€Å"Roaring Twenties†, socialismShow MoreRelatedThe Roaring Twenties And The Great Gatsby1284 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roaring Twenties Eng III I-Hui Chen Period3 1920 is a really important time in America, it starts after the World War One until the Great Depression. People start to enjoy their life and having parties, alcohol, everything is about money and goods. We can see people’s amazing and colorful life from the,†The Great Gatsby†. But was The life at Twenties really this wonderful? Or actually there’s a lot of hard things behind the amazing life? This era is after the World War One, there’s notRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1389 Words   |  6 PagesRoaring Twenties of America The Roaring Twenties era was a time of not only of crime, changing action and roles of women, but also of many other different social and cultural trends. The 1920s was the Progressive era that was a response to the Gilded Age. The Progressive era was filled with many reformers that aimed to reform the social issues like the women’s movement who had started a temperance movement to prohibit people from drinking. The 1920s was also a time of a social gap where the wealthyRead MoreEssay on Class Conflict in the Great Gatsby1261 Words   |  6 Pagesnovel, The Great Gatsby, is the theme of society and class. Three separate social classes are portrayed in the novel: â€Å"old money,† â€Å"new money,† and the lowest class known as â€Å"no money.† The â€Å"old money† class refers to those who come from families that have fortunes. â€Å"New money† families are those who made their money in the Roaring Twenties and often lavishly display their wealth. In the novel, the growing tension between the â€Å"old† and the â€Å"new† money classes are shown through Gatsby and Tom’s struggleRead MoreThe Great Gatsby891 Words   |  4 PagesRolling Twenties Brother The era known as the Roaring Twenties was a time of immense joy, opportunity and prosperity. Unfortunately, the 1920’s was also a period where greed, corruption and organized crime took a firm foothold. The exuberant happiness of the time was only trumped by its gap between the rich and the poor. The novel shows the true face of the so-called Age of Wonderful Nonsense with the writer’s own personal conflict. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s groundbreaking novel The Great Gatsby has stoodRead More Great Gatsby by Scott Fitzgerald Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pages Great Gatsby by Scott Fitzgerald The 1920s is the decade in American history known as the â€Å"roaring twenties.† Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby is a reflection of life in the 1920s. Booming parties, prominence, fresh fashion trends, and the excess of alcohol are all aspects of life in the â€Å"roaring twenties.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The booming parties in Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby reflect life in America during the 1920s. Gatsby displays his prominent fortune by throwing grand parties. FromRead MoreExamples Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby903 Words   |  4 Pages Scott Fitzgeralds â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, depicts the lavish and privileged lives of an affluent cast of characters living in East and West Egg (Long Island), during the height of the Roaring Twenties. Fitzgerald illustrates an â€Å"up for grabs† world where anyone can make it to the top. No one better embodies this than Jay Gatsby, a midwest farm boy turned self-made millionaire. While many such as Gatsby were able to amass a large amount of wealth during the Roaring Twenties, it was a futile endeavourRead MoreThe Great Gatsby And Harlem By Langston Hughes1089 Words   |  5 PagesThe roaring 20’s was an astounding time in the history of the United States of America. Many authors p ublished novels, poems, and other works of literature to show their readers what it would be like to experience this time frame. Some examples of these works include The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and â€Å"Harlem† by Langston Hughes. Both of these pieces of literature include literary elements to appeal to the reader’s senses and imagination. A prevalent theme that has been found in works ofRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald992 Words   |  4 PagesThe Jazz Age was a period of great economic, social, and political change happening in the 1920’s. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, however, sees in this a time of boundaryless death, and urban decimation. The Great Gatsby is modeled towards the death of the American dream during the 1920’s. Based on the happening of the 1920’s, this model is certainly reasonable. F. Scott Fitzgerald and The Great Gatsby use the motifs of materialism, carelessness, and decay seen in the 1920’s in order toRead MoreLifestyles of the Rich and Famous in the Roaring Twenties Essay1015 Words   |  5 PagesFamous in the Roaring 20’s The Roaring Twenties†, The Era of Wonderful Nonsense, The Decade of the Dollar , The Period of the Psyche, Dry Decade and the age of Alcohol and Al Capone†, these slogans are all ways to describe the 1920’s in just a few words. (The 1920s: Lifestyles and Social Trends: Overview) The 1920’s were a decade of parties, money, and extravagant lifestyles. The decade portrayed the American Dream of women, money, alcohol, music, and partying. In the twenties dresses wereRead MoreNew York Of The Twenties956 Words   |  4 PagesNew York in the twenties â€Å"marked significant changes in lifestyle and culture† (Boundless). The twenties were booming with new technology and ways of life. They were also in prohibition, which led to corruption and organized crime groups like the mafia. New York in the 1920’s is authentically portrayed in the The Great Gatsby as the epicenter of wealth, crime, and good times. First of all, the culture in New York City and Long Island in the 1920’s was roaring with many good and bad opportunities

Singapore’s Political, Economic, and Social Free Essays

I will be conducting my research paper Singapore Political, Economic, and Social Organization. The method that I will use to gather my information will be ethnology. Ethnology is Comparative study of cultures with the aim of presenting analytical generalizations within the context of that society. We will write a custom essay sample on Singapore’s Political, Economic, and Social or any similar topic only for you Order Now Singapore is a postindustrial society that has a parliamentary republic with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government representing Constitution. Singapore officially gaining sovereignty in 1965, its politics has been dominated by the People’s Action Party (PAP). Singapore, under the leadership of the PAP, possesses a distinct political culture: authoritarian, pragmatic, rational and legalistic. PAP leadership consisted of English lawyers and Chinese pro-communist trade union leaders. Unlike the western country (United States) that is run by politicians, Singapore is not run by politicians, but by a social system that where power is gained through skills, performances, and loyalty to the nation and not by politician’s policies. Singapore as has supremacy of government-controlled companies not like their western country counterparts. The reason why PAP stayed in power is due to popular support won by economic growth. Singapore raised public awareness, and stimulates public interest and debate, in economic issues is a factor of economic growth. Economic performance of Singapore depends on its mode of economic organization, natural resources, climate, and history. Singapore witnessed the unexpected economic development of vast potential for tin, rubber, oil palm, and tobacco, for Singapore is one of the largest ports in the world. Singapore is a postindustrial society where the government has invested billions in infrastructure and aims to recruit the best researchers in all modern fields of technological endeavor (Nowak Laird, 2010). This brought immigrate from the Philippines, Indonesia, and Southeast Asia to Singapore for work. By 2006, there were approximately 580,000 lower–skilled foreign workers and 90,000 skilled foreign workers in Singapore (Yeoh, 2007). In addition, 60 percent of Singapore’s factory workers are Malaysian citizens, who cross the shared border daily (Nowak Laird, 2010). Unlike the westerner country, Singapore required that workers must take a pregnancy test and STD test regularly. Again Singapore isn’t like their westerner counterparts when it comes to unemployment. Unemployed workers must return to their home country after a short period of job hunting. How to cite Singapore’s Political, Economic, and Social, Papers

Drama piece Essay Example For Students

Drama piece Essay In my drama piece I have been creating during lesson times, I have played several characters to experiment with different ideas for the play. The characters I have played have ranged in personality and how they act; for example, the vicar I portray in the first scene is completely different to how I act as a Bully for the remaining scenes. I think that having the ability to multi-role in my performances show that I can be two totally diverse characters, showing personality traits that are nothing like me in real life. At the beginning of the year, when I had just started the drama course, I thought of some interesting personalities and habits for my characters as soon as we thought of some ideas. Although I had some good ideas to start with, those ideas have changed as the piece has progressed.  Originally, I decided that the Bully I portray throughout the performance was going to be loud and boisterous, and she didnt care if she was caught because she would be more than happy with being excluded for a few days. This seemed like a good idea to start with. When my group created more scenes of the play, I decided my character would be different than I first planned. Now, the Bully is still mean to people she doesnt like but she is less upfront about it, and feels almost ashamed when she is caught by the teachers or other students who witnessed her bullying other people. I took a while to think about what her background could be, what was going on at home when she wasnt in school and I finally decided that her parents have split up, and that in itself has affected the way she behaves in school. She lives with her mum at home but her mum is out every night, and is almost never at home for her daughter, which also affects my character in many ways. When she is bullying people, although she loves doing it for the fun, she still tries to back down and not go too far so she doesnt hurt people. However, because she used to bully people a lot more when the problems at home just started, people still seem to blame everything on her which makes her defensive. While the character of the bully has changed quite a lot over the last few weeks, my other character, the vicar, has more or less stayed the same throughout. She isnt really quiet and sad about having to control the funeral because she has a lot of experience, so her tone of voice is clear that she is used to the sad atmosphere. While she is saying her speech at each funeral, she stands tall and superior against the mourners stood around her. I change my accent a little when I am playing the vicar; she sounds more calm and caring with a softer accent than mine to show that she cares about and has empathy for the family around her who have just lost a loved one.  I find it easy to change my character in each scene by changing my attitude and voice; I think it is just something that comes naturally to me.

Gezon and Kottaks Visions of the Concepts of World System and Colonialism

Ivys Essay Essays

Ivys Essay Essays Ivys Essay Essay Ivys Essay Essay Travel Broadens the Mind Saint Augustine once said â€Å"the world is a book, and those who do not travel read only a page†. Traveling, like reading, broadens the mind. It enriches life experience, sparks inspiration and makes people poised. Travel enriches life experience. It is a process of feeling the world: enjoying beautiful sceneries, tasting different food, meeting interesting people and experiencing new cultures. I traveled a lot when I was a kid. I remember once when I was in the Liangshan yi autonomous region, Sichuan, my parents took me to the Torch Festival. People dressed in clothes with Yi features, surrounded a big torch, dancing and singing with great joy. I was highly affected by the atmosphere, my face was reddened and my whole world was lighted up. I can still remember those smiling faces and joyful cheers. Travel offers us a shot to better understand the world and make us more open to embrace the new things which could make our life more exciting and meaningful. Travel sparks inspiration. Whiling traveling, we enter a totally different space, the air we breathe; the language we hear; the food we try can always arouse our love for life and give us inspiration. San Mao, a famous Chinese writer, composed most of her works while traveling. One of her best known work The Story of Sahara is about her experience in the northern Africa. This book vividly described the lifestyle, culture and native people in the Sahara Desert. If she had never been there, there would be no such a wonderful work. Besides writers, musicians and artists often get inspired through travel. On the journey, we might meet obstacles. A flat tire, a landslide, or extreme weather may make us feel scared and panic, but somehow we can tough it out. After all those experience, we will be awed by nature and be brave and poised no matter what happens in our life. Life is a book, and with travel, we can read through the pages and make our life rich and beautiful.

Contemporary Issues in Fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary Issues in Fashion - Essay Example From the essay it is clear the concept of eco-friendly fashion designing and manufacturing process has been revolved quite significantly. Several fashion designers and manufacturers are trying to develop eco-friendly clothes and apparel products considering the growing demand for eco-friendly apparel products among the consumers. Therefore, the manufacturers of 3D printed clothes are helping the industry to bring sustainability. 3D printing on clothes has both opportunities and challenges in the sustainability of the fashion industry. This particular movement may has to face some possible future challenges regarding the sustainability of the fashion industry. As the report declares the potential future opportunities of 3D printing process in the sustainability of the global fashion industry have been discussed below. Higher degree of production wastage in the post-manufacturing process can be considered as a critical challenge for the manufacturers of the apparel products. High production wastage generally increases the production cost of the manufacturers and designers. On the other hand, it is also true that several traditional stitching processes generally force the manufacturers or designers to charge extra custom price. It ultimately affects the purchasing power of the consumers. Now-a-days, emergence of 3D printing technology in the fashion industry has helped designers and manufacturers to use required strides for a particular printing on a particular apparel product. In an addition to it, there are several benefits of using this 3D printing process.

Whole Foods financial recommendation for the next 2 years Essay

Whole Foods financial recommendation for the next 2 years - Essay Example The company still plans to expand into other areas such as Australia, United Kingdom and the United States as well. Besides the expansion, Whole Foods also seems interested in introducing new private label product lines. Thus for such an expansion and introduction of new product line, the company would need some capital/investment. There are two broad ways in which the company can obtain additional capital in order to finance all its plans. Those two sources of finance are: Equity Finance: This is a way through which Whole Foods Market can issue their shares within the market. Each share issues within the market would fetch the company some funds. The company would issue the number of shares that they might consider appropriate for the expansion plans. Equity finance is expensive to achieve because of its attached costs such as Advertisement costs, Brokerage costs and in some instance Underwriting costs. The only attractiveness of Equity finance is that it is less risky than debt finance (the other source of finance) as the shareholders i.e. the owners would not have to be mandatorily paid their invested amount. Debt Finance: Debt Finance can be acquired through Banks, private and other institutional investors. Debt finance is basically a loan commitment that has to be paid as soon as it falls due. Although debt finance is cheaper than equity finance, it carries with itself a burden to repay the liability as soon as it falls due and it is because of this reason that debt finance is considered to be risky. The other issues that are related to debt finance are that the term of the loan would also be of the essence. Longer the period, higher would be the cost of debt i.e. the interest rate that would have to be paid on the loan commitment. Hence it can be argued that it depends upon a company’s culture, philosophy and risk appetite as to how the expansion may be financed. Equity finance would lead to the dilution of shares, which

Writing a Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing a Critique - Essay Example One side of the argument could be weighted well by the way that it is accepted by some individuals that the preachers dont accompany a message of affection or peace, as Jesus taught. They stop themselves in one of the busiest zones of the campus and report as loud as possible that we are all going to hellfire. Despite the fact that the way of the preachers presentation is hostile to numerous and reasons solid reactions, the opportunity of expressing ones interests and beliefs in this nation requires that the speech is protected and well thought on. Numerous students have said they dont feel just as the preachers are expressly badgering or verbally taunting them with their words, while the others say they do. It is likewise genuine that universities are intended to be gateways of differences and to incite thought amongst the growing generations. Campuses are a few students first presentation to the varying perspectives on the planet. It is truly odd that a few Christians want to take after the model of the preacher instead of that of Jesus Christ. They censure sins and caution the students of the advancing judgment while Jesus Christ recuperated individuals, sustained individuals’ nourishment, and taught about Gods love and forgiveness to individuals. (Ruckman) In contrary to the above mentioned points, it can be clearly stated that each individual needs to be tested to consider what the explanation behind our presence on earth is. Forever hangs in a critical position for each individual conceived. Trust and consolation must be advertised. A genuine campus preacher will take a gander at each individual they experience and see a potential zone of service where they have the chance of bringing salvation and trust. They state that it is their obligation and responsibility to preach outside on school grounds in the event that they genuinely aim at focusing

Macro environment analysis of Berjaya air

Macro environment analysis of Berjaya air International business is a process or method in the economic system that describes all commercial transactions such as exchanging goods and services between two or more country. Mostly, the patterns and trends in international business include world trade and investment. International business is more likely to be choosing by Multinational enterprise (MNE). MNE believes that by doing international business, it provides them large market because they are now view world economy rather than their domestic market (Brakman Garretsen, 2008). They can now do export and import, foreign direct investment and also creates jobs and wealth opportunities to the nation that MNE penetrate in. Globalisation is powerful force impacting the economic, social and also political environment (Dunning, 1974). Declining in trade and investment barriers help the MNE to view the world and can base production in the optimal location for the market of activity, rapid growth in cross-border mergers and also acquisitions. The Berjaya Group starts when Tan Sri Dato Seri Vincent Tan Chee Yioun acquired a major controlling stake in the share capital of Berjaya Kawat Berhad from the founders, Broken Hill Proprietary Ltd, Australia and National Iron Steel Mills of Singapore. The company is official listing on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange in year 1969. The acquisition of Tan Sri Vincent Tan toward Berjaya Group resulted in a great change in the aggressive growth of Berjaya in October 1988 (James, 2010). Berjaya has transformed into variable entity through joint-ventures, acquisitions and partnerships. Now with total employees of over 21000, the group are diversify and provide services such as financial services, consumer marketing and direct selling, vacation timeshare, hotels, resorts recreation development, property investment and development, airline, gaming and lottery management (Berjaya, 2010). 1.0 The macro environment analysis of Berjaya air Macro environment analysis can help a firm to establish a more proper and stable international business worldwide. This is because macro environment analysis provides more specific forces such as political, environment, socio-cultural and also technology that can help firm to adapt to the environment (Haughey, 2000), . This is because the environment are rapidly changing, the cultural in each nation are different and also their technology growth (Henry, 2008). Due to its diversification in many fields, it would be appropriate to analyse based on one group which I choose that is Berjaya air. Berjaya Air is practically practising the PEST analysis to meet demand of their local market. They believe that the forces in PEST analysis are fundamental for the growth in niche market in Malaysia and also Asian. Berjaya air was first started in Malaysia and they are using PEST analysis to excel in their domestic and also international markets (Malaysia SEO Company, 2009). 1.1 Political Malaysia practises Parliamentary Democracy with a constitutional monarch. With the economy and political stability, it is sure that many of the MNE want to do business in Malaysia. The key of attraction to investors to continue invest in Malaysia is all about political stability (Technip, 2010). Even though Malaysia contains of many races and practises different cultures, but still Malaysia remain peaceful. Furthermore, Malaysia government are attracting and encourage MNE to come invest and involve in their business transaction (The Star, 2010). Malaysia government are trying to make Malaysia as core a core business centred around the world. Hence, the government are allowing any foreign investor to invest in any field in the Malaysia business and they are also being given freedom in context of rule and press of law. Incentives are given for a firm to do their project and Malaysia government are more focus in social and employment legislation for the purpose to create peaceful countr y for any investor. For a firm to success in a market, there are believed that they have good political relationships with the government. This is because governments have a lot rules and regulations that a company needed to follow. For example, there were tax policy, environmental regulations, trade restrictions and tariffs and political stability. Therefore, Berjaya has always kept good relationships with the government. This is to ensure them their safety and stability development while conducting business. It also can attract local and also foreign investor to invest in the firm as they have good relationships between the firm and the government. By understanding and adapting to the political environment of a country, Berjaya are ready to tackle the domestic and international markets. The Berjaya also believe to have close connection with former prime minister, Tun Mahathir Mohammads family business (Aditjondro, 2005). 1.2 Economic Other than political factor, Berjaya also look into the economics of country. This was important to know the purchasing power of consumers so that the company can tackle and produce a product that will be bought by consumer. The group also concern about the interest, exchange and inflation rate of the country. This is because the economic growth can affect the rate and the company needs to sustain in the growth of the economy (Goodwin Nelson, 2008). Malaysia actually is a country that has lot resources such as rubber, palm oil and also natural resources such as petroleum and tin (Janes Information Group, 2009; Altius Directory, 2010). The growth of Malaysias economy is driven by export to the other countries such as Japan, China and also United State (US). The country began to move from a domestic producer to a multi sector economy. Over the last 16 years, the gross domestic product (GDP) in Malaysia has growth and reach over 6% per year. The unemployment rates also remain low at 4% and also low inflation even though recent global rise in crude oil prices (Trading Economics, 2010). This created a very good opportunities for Berjaya in expand their business in airline because more passengers will take flight on vacation as the economy are become more stable and change of monetary measures. 1.3 Social Furthermore, social factors were also important for a company. Berjaya needs to look in the different of cultural and demographic especially in Malaysia. This is because Malaysia contains of different races and cultural that needs the company to segmentation their product in it. Consumers are more towards health consciousness lately and they are more emphasis on safety living environment. By having good reputation for the Berjaya airline, passengers are feeling secured to take the flight. Berjaya air tickets are cheaper than Malaysia Airline System (MAS) and reasonable that make it is an attraction for passengers to choose their flight. According to MAS itself, not all can afford a higher flight ticket as passengers will try to find other alternative that are cheaper. Their customer services department also quite slow in providing detail to their customers (Vin, 2009). 1.4 Technology Last for the PEST forces is the technology. Technology can help the firm to save cost in the production making because it minimum the efficient production levels and also lower the barriers to entry (Kottler, 1998). This technology factor is very important to strengthen and enhance in Berjaya airlines system. When internet was first launched in 1990, JARING is become famous and rapidly being use by all Malaysian. After that, TMnet which is the second Malaysias Internet Second Provider (ISP) was licensed at in 1996. With faster surfing environment than JARING, more Malaysian are subscribe to Tmnet (Becker, 2002). After few years later, there were three new ISPs being incorporated in Malaysia that is Digi, Maxis Communication and Time Telecommunications Sdn. Bhd. (Yunus, 2000). Foremost, the introduction of E-commerce and E-business has made any business become easier. Business transaction can be done around the world such as booking ticket online. Furthermore, Berjaya airline are using SITA Gabriel Reservations System. This system is the worlds largest international providing airlines with vital passenger reservations and management information system. The functions of this system is to record all the passengers name, the flight schedule and also other features such as boarding pass printing and advance seat selection (Pilling, 2008). Hence, technology is really important for business nowadays. It helps the management of the firm to become more efficient and smooth. 2.0 The International Consideration There were many considerations to be made before going into international business. In the airlines field, each country has their national airlines that mostly owns and operates by local government. Other than that, private airlines are collateral to a great deal of government regulation for economic, political, and safety concerns. For example, governments in Singapore often interfere to terminate airline labor actions in order to protect their free flow of people, communications, and goods between different countries (Paul, 2010). Berjaya Air is doing foreign direct investment in other countries such as Singapore and Thailand. They had flight to fly to the Koh Samui, Thailand and also to Changi, Singapore airport for meets their customers wants and demands. The other consideration a firm has to stress is in the deregulation of the airline industry. Before deregulation was introduced, countries have their own policies to protect their domestic air carriers from any other foreign competitors. These own policies makes the air services are more restricted between each country and also troublesome. For example, there were requirement that need to be made for each airlines firm such as the route that they are taking, airfares and their operating method (Ioannides Debbage, 1998). In the year of 2008, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have all being standardised as deregulation region. This allow airline from each members countries to fly across each other region without any problems. Under the ASEAN Multilateral Agreement on Air Services, each airline in the ASEAN countries is granted to enjoy free flow of flight to fly across other countries and the rights to make stops in other countries territory for non-traffic purposes such as emergency landing or fuelling (King Rodolfo, 2006). Malaysia begins to promote their tourism industry in the late 1980. Statistic show that around 5.5 million of travellers visited Malaysia in 1991. Even though Malaysia have faces many problems such as Gulf War, global slowdown and recession in their politic structure but still tourism contribute to approximately MYR5 billion in year 1991. Malaysia continuing to targets tourists from their neighbouring countries and also Middle East such as Saudi Arabia by providing range of tourism options (Locsin, 2010). This is because Malaysia is well known in its history and has many differences cultural to be explored. Tourism Malaysia reported that there were 119.5% increase in the number of visitors. Government will continue to support this industry as it is important for them to generate revenue of foreign exchange. Nevertheless, Berjaya Airline is trying to promote their package with low air flight tour of business as to increase their customer level (Anon, 2009). By target only the most famous places that tourists will visit, it help Berjaya airline to gain good brand image in no time for the tourism industry. Wherever tourists planning to go in any interesting places in Malaysia, they surely will choose Berjaya air because the airline are more fly toward any famous destinations in Malaysia and also other countries such as Koh Samui, Thailand and also Singapore, known as a shopping paradise. However, the liberalization of industry has led to an increase in flights and airlines operating on certain routes. Bilateral agreements are also affect the free entry and exist in the airlines systems. Bilateral are based on open skies agreement which give freedom to fly with full traffic in any capacity and routes. Because of freedom in entering and exist, more airline firms are interest to invest in any countries (Bowen Leinbach, 2010). The local airline faces more competition than last time. In the Berjaya case, their rivals who are MAS and Air Asia that already established airline services for an age. MAS and Air Asia also provide more services to strengthen customers loyalty toward their airlines and will benefit the firm because more customers are choosing their airlines to fly (Business Time, 2010). The main advantage in an attempt to optimize an airline firm profit is their pricing ticket. Over the year, the pricing of airline tickets has increase and become major problem that faced by any airlines firm and its troublesome. By having complications in scheduling flights and to sustain profitability, airlines are forced to make constant adjustments. Moreover, another financial issue is that of hedging of oil  and  fuel  purchases (Notaras, 2010). This is usually the second expenses in its relative cost to the company. But, with the increasing in fuel prices has brought the largest cost to an airline. As to overcome the issues faced by Berjaya airline, they are utilizing public relations to extend and supplement its advertising budget. By having special promotion, it can help Berjaya to boost up their customer and provide them with latest and famous aviation that their customers would like to visit. The airline is operating using new market by transcending the technological barrier with the latest technology in the airline business (Swissgabe, 2003). It helps Berjaya from face any other complications in systems break down that can affect the overall management in its firm. This can evaluate the overhead cost and time consuming because the systems is always being maintains and are up-to-date. Despite from all the factors that being discuss just now, Berjaya is ready to going into international business. They already established and targeted their neighboring countries in ASEAN region such as Thailand and also Singapore. By focusing more on the niche market, Berjaya airline can target and segmented their customer in the market. The steps of concentrate more on niche market bring Berjaya airline profit because they are targeting to specific, segment, and also satisfying their customers (Berjaya Air, 2010). It narrows down the scope and clarifies the focus of the marketing of the Berjaya. Berjaya airline is a small firm and by focus more in niche market, the firm can concentrate to develop strategies to meet their customers want and needs. These give Berjaya airline a competitive advantage toward any other airlines firm because all of the airlines firms in Malaysia have different targeting customers and wont overlapping with their each other that can affect the revenue retur n of their firm. 3.0 The Growth of Business For a business to continue success in the world, the firm needs to come out with new strategies that can help the growth of the business. The firm needs to do some self improvement because the world is become globalize and the wants and demand of customers are converging around the globe (BNET, 2008). Even thou the aim of a business is to gain profit but they also need to lesser their competitors in the market because too many rivalry bring less profit to their firm. By consider to Ansoffs Product Market Matrix, Berjaya airline can build good strategies that in the long run shall help create many opportunities to their firm. Based on Ansoffs Product Market Matrix, it helps marketer in any firms to see wider perspective to grow the business through existing products and markets (Berkshire, 2010). In this aspect, Berjaya airline can focus in promoting their low cost carriers (LCCs). This is because LCCS are different from any other traditional carriers as it has different business model; low operating costs and low fares. Low Cost Carriers business model are believe to growth in faster rate rather than other business model because they focus more in providing low airfares (Field, 2008). Operating cost has to be kept low as well in orders to keep flight ticket prices low. This can be done by using more fuel efficiency plane or aircraft. By moving forward, Berjaya Airlines introduce the ATR 72-500 aircraft and is well known for its reliability to be among the best environment friendly turboprop aircraft (NRI, 2010). Other than this, flying to uncongest or secondary airports such as in Pulau Redang, Pulau Tio man and also to Changi in Singapore allow the LCCs have quick turn-around, cut back on delay and save money. Berjaya Air also makes sure that their operating method is point-to-point flights to avoid the cost of providing services for connecting passengers. LCCs demand are increasing as the low prices of ticket that stimulate passenger to choose them. Additionally, the average airfares decrease. This is also known as Southwest Effect. For example, a study in Denver found out that passenger volumes increased by an average of 36.8% meanwhile the fares decreased by an average of 18.2% after the LCCs business model being introduced (IBM, 2010). In the term of new product development, Berjaya Airline tries to introduce new packages that suit for local and also international tourists such as Great Holiday Escapes. This package brings the passenger to popular destinations such as Koh Samui in Thailand, and also local places such as Pulau Redang and Pulau Tioman. Furthermore, Berjaya also set up company base operation in Kuala Lumpur which manage and utilizing the route advantage to designated travels destinations with easy access and smart location compared to MAS and Air Asia. Before Berjaya involve in airline business, they already well knew in property investment and development, hotels, resorts and recreation development and many other. However, Berjaya Group has diversified into airline which is newly for them and known as Berjaya Air. By taking steps further, it helps Berjaya Airline to become further develop in the domestic and also international flight. In the future, Berjaya Airline is planning to expand their territories through partnerships and also cooperation with other larger airline in ASEAN. The marketing researchers also try to identify and expanding new routes. By doing this, they have greater opportunities in exploiting the airlines markets. 4.0 New Venture It is believe that after a firm success in their current market, the firm will begin try to expand in more newly venture that they have never done before. By doing new venture, the market size actually are bigger because the firm have move to wider scope and target of their business. However, it is not easy for Berjaya Airline to sustain in the new venture as they are small firm compare to MAS and Air Asia. But, having competitive advantages in their business strategy, Berjaya can overcome this problem and without overlapping with other airline profit earnings (Porter, 1985). For my choice, Berjaya Airline can consider to doing foreign direct investment in the Cambodia country. Cambodia is a constitutional monarchy country and almost 96% population of their citizens are practiced Theravada Buddhism. Between, they have different minority races such as Cham, Muslims, Chinese and various tribes that stay in northwest of Cambodia. Mostly, the economics of Cambodia are towards the agriculture and some related sub-sectors. They are becoming major exporter in rice as in 2010 to 2011 year, their surplus of paddy is said to be around 7.3 million tons (AKP, 2010). In the late year of 1997, the tourism industry in Cambodia is rapidly growth despite of recovery in economic crisis. The arrivals of tourists in Cambodia from year 1997 are 219,000 to approximately 2 million people in the year 2007 (Asia Info, 2010). By understanding more on a country that Berjaya would like to penetrate in, it give them clear picture on what the policies in government laws and also the s tability in the local government economy. Based on Porters Five Forces Analysis, it show and help Berjaya Airline to create competitive advantages which contain all the important five forces that is threat of entrants, bargaining power of customers and suppliers and also threat of substitute and rivalry. 4.1 Threat of New Entrants First of all, one of the threats would be security of Berjaya networks. Advancement in the technology has created a lot of viruses and also hackers. Internet is very vulnerable and Berjaya need internet to doing their online transaction for booking ticket. However, this is not the major concern for Berjaya Airline as they are using latest technology that can reduce the risk from being spam by hackers or viruses. The main concern for Berjaya in establishes business in new country mean that they have to provide a huge sum of money for them to operate. By lacking of capital, Berjaya Airline maybe be need to acquire loans from bank so that they have possibilities to doing the business. As a member of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Cambodia are become more developing as ASEAN help to create a more peaceful and stability region and also help in economic and social growth (Rodis, 2010). Chaos in a country can harm their economy growth as the investors are not willing to plunge their money in a vacillating country. Other than that, ASEAN Single Aviation Market (SAM) helps the tourism industry in Cambodia growth because more passengers are taking the air services. The passengers services will be removed and full liberalisation of air freight services will be introduce (Thomas, 2008). 4.2 Bargaining Power of Customers and Suppliers The bargaining power of consumers is high for the domestic airlines as there have a lot of choices for customers to be made. For example in the Cambodia domestic flight, it has around 10 domestic airlines that provide local flight such as Angkor Airways, Cambodia Airlines, President Airlines and other. The airlines is not fully own by the Cambodias government because the Vietnam Airlines Corporation also acquired 49% of the Cambodias Airlines. But, for the international routes or flight, there are less options for passenger to bargain and it make they have no other alternative and to take any flight services that are available in market. In the suppliers aspect, the price of airplanes continue high as there were few suppliers in the market (Floris Oswald, 2006). Most of airline supply business was dominated by Boeing and Airbus. In Porters generic strategies, Berjaya Airline business strategy is to target specific market with low prices, efficiency in operation and also provide popular destination for tourist such as Siem Reap in Cambodia. Statistics show that around 561,000 to 677,000 tourists enter Siem Reap province which is their international airport in the year 2004 to 2005. Siem Reap also has a large number of hotels and restaurants that make convenience for any tourists to try any local cuisines and also quite lot attractions (Angkor Visitor, 2010). The attractions were Angkor Wat, Angkor National Musem, Central Market and Cambodia Landmine Museum. The main attraction for the tourists is Angkor Wat. It is said to be the largest temple in the world and listed in the World Heritage as the most popular place to visit (UNESCO, 2009). Other than that, lower currencies in Cambodia also attract tourists to visit Cambodia over the year. With roughly 100 Cambodian Riel (KHR) is equal to 0.08 cents of Malaysia Ringgit (MYR) where KHR and MYR is monetary unit. By having a lot of competitive advantages such as famous place to be travel and low currency exchange, Berjaya Air new venture into the Cambodia Airline market create good opportunities for them in short and long term run. 4.3 Threat of Substitute Product and Rivalry Even thou Berjaya see a lot of advantages in doing business in Cambodia Airlines, but by going international also make the face many competition. Passenger has more options towards the local transportation such as train or other. But considering about the time consumptions that they need to bear with, consumers are willing to go for airline. Additionally, Berjaya need to deal competition with local airlines that provide same services. Many of the local competitors in multi countries are having affiliates or subsidiaries from the government. Local airline would have more and easy access to the information because they receive support and also have good relationships with the government. The information such as market demands, policies changes and economic slowdown can affect and slowdown the overall operation of Berjaya Airline. This is because airline industrys high capital requirements, protective regulatory structures, and scale advantages that cost of competition would eliminate f uture profit. Exist in rivalry for the airlines industry is also cant be avoided. Each airline company are providing the same services and operating to the same destinations. Furthermore, each of the firm is competing among themselves by promoting privileges membership, cutting airfares, and many other benefits just to grab customers loyalty towards their airlines. However, Berjaya Airline central objective is to achieve bigger niche advantages than their rivals by continuing searching areas such as Angkor Wat in Cambodia to cater great tourist destinations with additional tourisms services. For them, the aimed of differentiation and variety specific destination is a competitive priority and it helps Berjaya Airline to determine the market position. 5.0 Conclusion In conclusion, going international business is promising every firm with high return of profit. Not only going international, the domestic businesses also need good strategies planning to excel in both fields. By understand more on what approaches that are best suit to Berjaya take in internationalism will help them to show a positive growth in their firm. By adopting all the strategies needed by Berjaya Airline such as PEST, Ansoffs Product Market Matrix and also Porters Five Forces help the firm to realize the strength of a market. The firm can now use this competitive advantages to tackle the airlines industries not only domestic but also international as the strategies already provide them many steps to overcome problems faces by the firm and also steps to improve their airline services. (4234 words) 6.0 Referencing Aditjonro 200. Company Profiles [Online] Available at: http://www.forestsmonitor.org/en/reports/550066/550085#berjaya (Accessed on 4th November 2010) AKP, 2010. Cambodia to Become a Major Rice Exporter [Online] Available at: http://www.un.int/cambodia/Bulletin_Files/Aug10/Cambodia_to_Become.pdf (Accessed on 28th November 2010) Altius Directory 2010. Malaysia Economy 2010 [Online] Avalaible at: http://www.altiusdirectory.com/Business/malaysia-economy.php (Accessed on 14th November 2010) Angkor visitor, 2010. History of Angkor Wat [Online] Available at: http://tour.angkorvisitor.com/Detail.aspx?Cat=6 (Accessed on 2nd November 2010) Anonymous, 2009., Air Destination and Servicess [Online] Available at: http://www.atozcheapairlines.com/berjaya-air.html (Accessed on 13th November 2010) Asia Info, 2010 Article: The Cambodia Economy [Online] Available at: http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/cambodia/pro-economy.htm (Accessed on 2nd December 2010) Becker, J., 2002. Internet in Malaysia and Vietnam Available at: http://books.google.com.my/books?id=2oQbTdz3JasCpg=PA44lpg=PA44dq=first+licensed+internet+provider+in+Malaysia%3Fsource=blots=t6MFI335hjsig=PCCKdGDYrv29evE1j8w0L85BtAhl=enei=9SP6TN_aDoXyrQfu6LiiCAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CCsQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=first%20licensed%20internet%20provider%20in%20Malaysia%3Ff=false (Accessed on 29th November 2010) Berjaya air, 2010 All about Berjaya Air [Online] Available at: https://www.berjaya-air.com/aboutus.html (Accessed on 5th December 2010) Berkshire, 2010., Ansoffs Product-Market Matrix [Online] Available at: http://www.anythingresearch.com/Strategic-Planning/Ansoff-Matrix.htm (Accessed on 2nd November 2010) BNET, 2008., How to Stay Competitive in a Global Market [Online] Available at: http://www.bnet.com/article/how-to-stay-competitive-in-a-global-economy/207502 (Accessed 6th November 2010) Bowen, T. J., Leinbach, R. T., 2010. The State and Liberalization: The Airline Industry in the East Asian NICs [Online] Available at: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a788927215~frm=abslink (Accessed on 26th November 2010) Brakman, S., Garretsen, H., 2008. Foreign Direct Investment and the Multinational Enterprise [Online] Available at: http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2tid=11516 (Accessed on 25th November 2010) Business time, 2010. Article: MAS to Boost its Sales with Innovative Services [Online] Available at: http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/articles/jkhan/Article/index_html (Accessed on 30th November 2010) Dunning, H., 1974. Economic Analysis and the Multinational Enterprise [Online] Available at: : http://books.google.com.my/books?id=8UgVAAAAIAAJprintsec=frontcoverdq=multinational+enterprisesource=blots=vRhrcQOPF8sig=5nd_GqMe7fSYNAQ8xye8w3pEPGIhl=enei=0Kz3TOmWAsnYrQffvbHvDwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CFAQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=false (Accessed on 12th November 2010) Field, D., 2008. Article: Low-cost Carriers Tweak Their Models [Online] Available at: http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/04/24/223142/low-cost-carriers-tweak-their-models.html (Accessed on 14th November 2010) Floris, G., Oswald, L., 2006. Designing and Executing Strategy in Aviation Management [Online] Available at: http://books.google.com.my/books?id=CJXshJc_IpICpg=PA59dq=Bargaining+Power+of+Customers+and+Suppliers+in+airlines+industryhl=enei=RQX9TI7zIMrlrAeMvcGyCAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=Bargaining%20Power%20of%20Customers%20and%20Suppliers%20in%20airlines%20industryf=false (Accessed on 24th November 2010) Haughey, D., 2000. PEST Analysis [Online] Available at: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/pest-analysis.html (Accessed on 14th November 2010) Goodwin, R., Nelson, A., 2008. Article: Economy Growth [Online] Available at: http://www.eoearth.org/article/Economic_growth (Accessed on 17th November 2010) Henry, A., 2008. 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The Significance of Language in Richard Wright’s Black Boy :: Wright Black Boy Essays

The Significance of Language in Richard Wright’s Black Boy Richard Wright had the "privilege" to experience America society, probably, at its worst. He saw how humans had the ability to treat other humans. His autobiography tells the tale, but it also gives life to words, to language. Wright had a gift for writing and he uses many techniques to bring that writing to life; for example, the exchange of words between whites and blacks gives the reader insight as to how much respect each race held for each other, or the degree of imagery he uses to bring the book to life. Both of these techniques show how language-words set us apart in society. Back in the 1920's there were lines set before a black man that he was expected not to cross. Blacks were looked down upon in American society; not just by whites, but by everyone, including Jews. When a white person spoke to a black person, that white person expected and demanded respect from that black person. And if the kind of respect that was sought after was given, then you might as well run and never come back. Richard saw this in his everyday life, it was normal, and he conveys it in his writing. For instance, when Richard is arguing with his principal about his valedictorian speech the language that comes from Richard is full of anger and resentment; however, though his tone sings one tune, his words sing a totally different one. The words that Richard spits out at his principal are filled with a certain respect that is not practiced or learned but built in. In any place that Richard ever worked or visited if and when he encountered a white man or woman he removed his hat an d always answered with "yes or no ma'am" or "yes or no sir". That kind of respect and speech had always been around and was assumed around. Richard knew that if you were black and in the white-world you didn't speak until spoken to; and this can be found all through Black Boy. Imagery, Richard uses a plethora of it throughout his book. It is the collection of images that helps you see what Richard is trying to show the world. When Richard is arguing with his principal, you can picture it perfectly.... This tall skinny black boy standing in a small office arguing with this red faced fat white man who is sitting at a desk.